German Artist: Otto Dix (The
War)
By Elizabeth H.
Elys
"What is War? It is mud, trenches, blood,
rats, lice, bombs, pain, barbed wire, decaying flesh, death, rain, cats,
tears, bullets, fear and loss of faith in all we once believed in. "
OTTO DIX
WORLD WAR I (WW l) also called The Great War, was a global war centered in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918.
WW l was one of the great watersheds of 20th century geopolitical history. It led to the fall of four great imperial dynasties ( in Germany, Russia, Austria- Hungary and Turkey ) ,resulted in the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917, and ,its destabilization of European society, laid the groundwork for WW ll. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans were mobilized in one of the largest wars history. More than 9 million combatants were killed. Battlefield death, civilian death, and death due outbreaks of disease cost millions of lives all around the world. It destroyed empires and economies and changed the whole of Europe.
The time in WW l, hospitals were very tough. The men and women who were working in the hospitals cared for the armed forces that had terrible injuries with very little supplies.
During the war the Medical Corps parts of the French and English care and arranged medical volunteers staff to care for the casualties. Blood soaked battlefield, ripped-open torsos, shredded limbs, and burn- ravages faces where millions of soldiers for their lives and suffered horrific injuries that have never seen before in combat.
WORLD WAR I (WW l) also called The Great War, was a global war centered in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918.
WW l was one of the great watersheds of 20th century geopolitical history. It led to the fall of four great imperial dynasties ( in Germany, Russia, Austria- Hungary and Turkey ) ,resulted in the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917, and ,its destabilization of European society, laid the groundwork for WW ll. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans were mobilized in one of the largest wars history. More than 9 million combatants were killed. Battlefield death, civilian death, and death due outbreaks of disease cost millions of lives all around the world. It destroyed empires and economies and changed the whole of Europe.
The time in WW l, hospitals were very tough. The men and women who were working in the hospitals cared for the armed forces that had terrible injuries with very little supplies.
During the war the Medical Corps parts of the French and English care and arranged medical volunteers staff to care for the casualties. Blood soaked battlefield, ripped-open torsos, shredded limbs, and burn- ravages faces where millions of soldiers for their lives and suffered horrific injuries that have never seen before in combat.
WW l was one largest and dangerous war. Infection with in
soldiers was a serious case. Doctors and medical care
volunteers with in the health care facilities used mostly Morphine; it has
been the world’s most
easily obtained and popular pain killer for extreme injury. Soldiers who were hospitalized almost all had their dose of morphine. While other form of opium (OxyContin, penicillin, codeine) had not been introduced to the public yet, morphine was the go- drug for pain. Cocaine was used as a common
easily obtained and popular pain killer for extreme injury. Soldiers who were hospitalized almost all had their dose of morphine. While other form of opium (OxyContin, penicillin, codeine) had not been introduced to the public yet, morphine was the go- drug for pain. Cocaine was used as a common
anesthetic in the times of WW l.
Alcohol was one of most used drugs during WW l. It was
rationed to front line troops by most of the combatant nations. British troops
were rationed half a liter of cheap table wine daily. There was another
alcoholic drink called Absinthe. It is distilled, highly alcoholic drink
infused with a plant called wormwood. Absinthe is notorious for causing
psychotic breaks, causing things to slather to mass murder.
Tobacco was the number one most used drug in WW l and
like alcohol. Cigarettes were advertised to be a way for the troops to
psychologically escape the horrors of the war. 14 million cigarettes were used
by the US army each day. Coffee was another drug used on the daily by American
soldiers on the war front. The purpose was to keep the troops warm and
energetic on the battlefront, to boost morale and forget the atrocities of the war.
Soldiers who were sent home were addict to alcohol and
drugs mostly marijuana. Between 1850 and 1937 marijuana was widely used
throughout US as a medical drug and could easily be purchased in pharmacies and
general stores. Recreational use was limited in the US until after the Mexican revolution
of 1910, when an influx of Mexican immigrants introduced the habits.
Prior to 1916, there were no restriction on the possession and use of cocaine, opium and other drugs in Britain. The British authorities were largely ambivalent; the government of colonial India once relied on the sale of opium to China for much of its revenue, and had only agreed to phase out the trade in 1907. The Indian Army actually supplied its addicted troops with opium. In 1914, the Director of Supplies of the British Expeditionary Force was informed he had to supply a daily ration of the drug (termed "Indian Treacle” to 6.000 Sikhs landed in France.
Prior to 1916, there were no restriction on the possession and use of cocaine, opium and other drugs in Britain. The British authorities were largely ambivalent; the government of colonial India once relied on the sale of opium to China for much of its revenue, and had only agreed to phase out the trade in 1907. The Indian Army actually supplied its addicted troops with opium. In 1914, the Director of Supplies of the British Expeditionary Force was informed he had to supply a daily ration of the drug (termed "Indian Treacle” to 6.000 Sikhs landed in France.
On the outbreak of war, many retailers saw an opportunity to sell medical kits to soldiers (including cocaine or opium to ease the pain and suffering.)
On 8th August 1914, the government had introduced the
Defense of the Realm Act (DORA), allowing the executive to create criminal
offenses through regulation.
On 11th 1916, the Army Council used these powers to
enact regulation 40B, which banned the sale of cocaine, opium, Indian Hemp
(cannabis) and other psychoactive drugs to troops without a prescription.
The age of anxiety was the period between the WW l and the WW ll. This was the time when people were uneasy and looking for some kind of identity for themselves. The loss of human lives and faith, People wanted to know why the First World War fought. People were worry about the future.
In 1929 in US came The Great Depression with a difficult time for people, poverty, unemployment, and suffering. People used to relieve stress, ease sleeping, compose, taking cocaine, morphine and tobacco.
During the Great Depression, massive unemployment increased public resentment and government concern about the problem of marijuana, Marijuana was the "Killer Weed.”
The age of anxiety was the period between the WW l and the WW ll. This was the time when people were uneasy and looking for some kind of identity for themselves. The loss of human lives and faith, People wanted to know why the First World War fought. People were worry about the future.
In 1929 in US came The Great Depression with a difficult time for people, poverty, unemployment, and suffering. People used to relieve stress, ease sleeping, compose, taking cocaine, morphine and tobacco.
During the Great Depression, massive unemployment increased public resentment and government concern about the problem of marijuana, Marijuana was the "Killer Weed.”
By the1931, 29 states outlawed marijuana. The VOLSTEAD ACT of 1920, which raised the price of alcohol in US, positioned marijuana as an attractive alternative and led to increase in use of the drug "Tea Pads ", where a person could purchase marijuana for 25 cents or less was as part of the black "Hepster" JAZZ culture across US. Opiate, heroin was integrated into the new cultural identity of the "Hipster "first through the HARLEM Jazz scene in the 1930 s and 1940s. In 1937 Congress passed the Marijuana Tax Act which criminalized the drug.
A turning point in history would have to be AL CAPONE also known as "Scarface", was the single greatest symbol of the collapse of law. He was the leading gangster of illegal activities known as smuggling, bootlegging liqueur and prostitution. In 1931, Al Capone was the leading mobster in Chicago. He had violated the Volstead Act on a massive scale, bribed a large fraction of Chicago officialdom, and murdered various criminal competitors.
In time when Al Capone was in power as notorious gangster in US, In Europe other leader with different ambition and extreme power began scare the World. Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany 1933.
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